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| - “We need criminal justice reform in this country, but we need to understand it’s not a little slice. We need reform of the whole system. And it starts on the front end with the activities we criminalize, for example, low-level drug offenses — more people locked up for low-level offenses on marijuana than for all violent crimes in this country. That makes no sense at all.”
— Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.), in remarks at the We the People summit, June 13, 2018
Making the case for criminal justice reform, Warren claimed that the United States locks up more people for “low-level offenses on marijuana” than for all violent crimes.
This myth is bipartisan. We gave Four Pinocchios to a similar claim by former House speaker John A. Boehner (R-Ohio). “We have literally filled up our jails with people who are nonviolent and frankly do not belong there,” Boehner said in an April interview, referring to people “who are there for possession of small amounts of cannabis.”
Warren’s claim was phrased a bit differently, so just to be sure, we took another look at the research and government data on this question.
The Facts
Most crimes are prosecuted by state and local authorities, not the federal government. The Justice Department estimates that 90 percent of U.S. prisoners are housed at the state and local levels.
Nearly 44,700 people at the state level were serving a sentence of one year or longer at the end of 2015 after being convicted of drug possession as their most serious offense, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. This includes not only marijuana but also heroin, cocaine and other illicit drugs.
These 44,700 people represented 3.4 percent of the total population under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities in 2015. Those convicted of violent crimes made up 54.5 percent of the total population, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics report.
At the federal level, 47.5 percent of prisoners (81,900) were serving a sentence of any length at the end of September 2016 after being convicted of a drug offense as their most serious crime. But this includes not only possession, and not only marijuana, but all kinds of drugs and all kinds of drug offenses. “More than 99% of federal drug offenders are sentenced for trafficking,” according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Meanwhile, prisoners who were convicted of violent crimes represented 7.7 percent of the total inmate population at the federal level at the end of September 2016.
Separate data from the U.S. Sentencing Commission show that only 92 people were sentenced for marijuana possession in the federal system in 2017, out of a total of nearly 20,000 drug convictions.
Put it all together and there’s no way Warren’s claim can be accurate.
“I’m not even sure all drugs combined match those convicted of violent offenses,” said Jonathan P. Caulkins, professor of public policy at Carnegie Mellon University. “It might. It’d be in the ballpark. But most incarcerations where the controlling offense was a drug offense (vs. someone convicted of something serious also having a little possession offense in addition because they had personal consumption amounts on them when arrested for, say, burglary) are for cocaine/crack, heroin, and meth.”
Warren was speaking extemporaneously when she made this claim, responding to a question at the We the People summit, a gathering of liberal groups. A spokesman for Warren acknowledged her error in response to our questions. She meant to refer to marijuana possession arrests, not incarcerations, Warren spokesman Matt Cournoyer said.
“Senator Warren was referring to the number of people arrested, not incarcerated,” Cournoyer said. “She was making the point that we need broad-based criminal justice reform because far too many Americans — disproportionately people of color — have their lives upended by arrests for low-level drug offenses.”
Warren has a point about marijuana arrests. Nearly 600,000 people a year are arrested for marijuana possession, according to estimates from Justice Department data. Studies show that African Americans are arrested for these offenses disproportionately, even though the rate of marijuana use is similar for whites.
“Despite shifting public opinion, in 2015, nearly half of all drug possession arrests (over 574,000) were for marijuana possession,” according to a report by Human Rights Watch and the American Civil Liberties Union sent to us by Warren’s staff. “By comparison, there were 505,681 arrests for violent crimes (which the FBI defines as murder, non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault). This means that police made more arrests for simple marijuana possession than for all violent crimes combined.”
But relatively few of these people end up incarcerated.
“We arrest a lot of people for marijuana, but the system already knows not to put them in prison — or even in jail for very long — if their only offense is marijuana, unless it was a lot of marijuana [500-plus pounds] or they were on community release for a prior felony conviction” e.g., convicted of robbery, given probation, then caught with marijuana while on probation and so have their probation revoked, Caulkins said.
The Pinocchio Test
Regular readers know we don’t award Pinocchios when a politician admits error, as Warren has in this case. Her spokesman told us she meant to speak about marijuana arrests, not incarcerations.
The report from Human Rights Watch and the ACLU that her office provided to back up her revised claim is based on government data. It says “police made more arrests for simple marijuana possession than for all violent crimes combined.”
We will withhold Pinocchios in this case and hope no one else repeats this mistake.
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