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Is being in the United States unlawfully a 'crime'?
As Florida House members took up a bill that would increase penalties for certain violent crimes committed by undocumented immigrants, participants noted a fundamental but often overlooked issue in the overall immigration debate: If you are in the United States illegally, does your mere presence in this country mean that you have committed a crime?
It first came up in comments by Ingrid M. Delgado, associate for social concerns for the Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops. She had come to the Florida House Judiciary Subcommittee on Criminal Justice on March 15, 2017, to testify against HB 83, a bill sponsored by Rep. Dane Eagle, R-Cape Coral, that would heighten the penalties for certain violent offenses -- including sexual battery, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, murder, and the use of a destructive device such as a bomb -- if the defendant was in the country illegally.
Delgado said, "Unlawful presence is not a crime. It is a civil violation."
A few minutes later, Rep. Jennifer Sullivan, R-Mount Dora, spoke in favor of the bill, saying she wanted to remind her colleagues about the legal status of the people the law targets.
"It amazes me, honestly, that we've even been talking about this as long as we have," she said. "I feel like in the midst of this, something has gotten lost that is a crucial, main point. And that is the fact that we're talking about people who are here illegally. That means that, legally, they are breaking the law."
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The bill ultimately advanced through the subcommittee on a party-line vote, with Democrats voting against it.
But we wanted to get to the bottom of whether undocumented immigrants were committing a crime by just being in the country.
According to legal experts, the answer is that most of the time, unlawful presence is not a crime.
When we checked with the Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops, Michele M. Taylor, the group’s associate director for communications, pointed to the 2012 Supreme Court case Arizona vs. United States. The majority opinion found that "as a general rule, it is not a crime for a removable alien to remain present in the United States."
Experts agreed. Unlawful presence is neither a felony nor a misdemeanor, said Ilya Shapiro, a senior fellow in constitutional studies at the libertarian Cato Institute. It is a civil infraction that results in removal and a bar on re-entry for a certain period of time.
"Not everything that’s illegal — meaning against the law or violating the law — is a crime," Shapiro said. "There are civil violations, like when you get a parking ticket. ‘Unlawful presence’ is one of these. You don't go to jail or receive any other criminal punishment for being in the country illegally — you get deported."
Gabriel (Jack) Chin, a professor and director of clinical legal education at the University of California-Davis law school, echoed this analysis.
"It is not a crime to be present in the United States without authorization, such as by overstaying a visa," Chin said. "But such a person is subject to being deported."
That said, it’s also important to distinguish between "unlawful presence" and "unlawful entry," said Kermit Roosevelt, a University of Pennsylvania law professor. Improper entry by an alien is indeed a misdemeanor, Roosevelt said.
This distinction can make the use of these terms tricky.
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For instance, an undocumented immigrant who entered the United States improperly would have committed a crime. However, once that person is here, the simple act of being in the United States unlawfully is not by itself a crime.
"It is a crime to cross the border other than as designated by immigration officials, but there is no separate crime for being unlawfully present in the United States," Chin said.
Another example of illegal entry would be if an individual is found in the United States after previously having been deported.
"Unlawful re-entry after a deportation order can be a federal crime, depending on circumstances," Taylor said.
Mark Krikorian, executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies, a group that generally opposes loosening immigration laws, said that while illegal presence is not a crime, it’s easy for such individuals to run into separate criminal problems even beyond their method of entry, such as filling out an employment eligibility form to get a job when they aren’t eligible to work.
Our ruling
Delgado of the Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops said, "Unlawful presence (in the United States) is not a crime."
It is generally accurate that the simple act of being in the United States illegally is not, by itself, a crime. Rather, it’s a civil violation that puts the individual at risk for deportation, but not for criminal prosecution. However, it’s worth noting that someone who is unlawfully present might still have committed a related crime by entering the United States after having been deported, for instance, or entering in an illegal manner.
We rate the statement Mostly True.
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Our Sources
Ingrid M. Delgado, remarks at a meeting of the Florida House Judiciary Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, March 15, 2017
Jennifer Sullivan, remarks at a meeting of the Florida House Judiciary Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, March 15, 2017
Florida H.B. 83 (2017) bill page
Committee substitute text for H.B. 83
Oyez, main page for Arizona vs. United States
Majority decision in Arizona vs. United States
Email interview with Mark Krikorian, executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies, March 15, 2017
Email interview with Ilya Shapiro, senior fellow in constitutional studies at the libertarian Cato Institute, March 15, 2017
Email interview with Gabriel (Jack) Chin, professor and director of clinical legal education at the University of California-Davis law school, March 15, 2017
Email interview with Kermit Roosevelt, law professor at the University of Pennsylvania, March 15, 2017
Email interview with Scott McCoy, senior policy counsel for the Southern Poverty Law Center, March 15, 2017
Email interview with Michele M. Taylor, associate director for communications for the Florida Conference of Catholic Bishops, March 15, 2017
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