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| - Key dates in the history of the Republic of Congo since its independence 60 years ago. On August 15, 1960, Congo becomes independent from France, with Abbe Fulbert Youlou as its first president. Youlou resigns following an uprising dubbed the "Trois Glorieuses" ("Three Glorious Days") of August 1963. In December Alphonse Massamba-Debat becomes president, establishing a system of scientific socialism. In 1968, he is overthrown by Marien Ngouabi, who establishes a Marxist-Leninist regime and names the country the People's Republic of Congo, run by the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). Ngouabi is assassinated in 1977 and Massamba-Debat accused and executed. Lieutenant General Joachim Yhombi-Opango takes over, until he is toppled two years later by elite paratrooper Denis Sassou Nguesso. In 1991 a national conference launched after several months of protests enshrines a multi-party system. Sassou Nguesso is defeated in the first pluralist election in 1992 by Pascal Lissouba. In the 1990s three civil wars break out. Disputed legislative election results lead to civil unrest in 1993-1994 that leaves some 2,000 people dead. A second bout of civil unrest in 1997 kills between 4,000 and 10,000 people, and leads to Lissouba's ouster by Sassou Nguesso. Fresh fighting breaks out in 1998-99, killing thousands more, and the southern Pool region is the scene of fighting between government troops backed at times by forces from Angola, and locally based rebels. After the introduction of multi-party politics in the early 1990s, Sassou Nguesso wins two successive mandates, in 2002 with 85 percent of the result, and in 2009 with 68 percent, but both tallies are contested by opposition parties. A controversial new charter adopted in October 2015 by referendum removes a 70-year age limit and a ban on presidents serving more than two terms, opening the way for Sassou Nguesso to secure a third term in March 2016. His rivals in the election, general Jean-Marie Michel Mokoko and former minister Andre Okombi Salissa, dispute the results. They are arrested, put on trial and each handed 20 years in jail for "undermining internal state security". Rebels from Pool, also disputing the election result, take up arms against Brazzaville again. In mid-2017, several people from Sassou-Nguesso's circle are charged in France as part of a French probe into the assets in the country of the families of several African leaders. In December a ceasefire accord is signed between the government and Pool rebels. The conflict has forced more than 138,000 from their homes. In late 2019, Sassou Nguesso, 76, of which 35 were in power, is named his party's candidate at the 2021 presidential election. acm-ang/jmy/eab/ach
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