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| - Hospitals paralysed in the midst of the pandemic, millions of drivers deprived of fuel, businesses both large and small hit by increasingly sophisticated assaults: no aspect of society is safe from the threat of cyberattacks. From geopolitics to religion or just simple criminal intent, the motivations of hackers are broad. But as the world grows increasingly interconnected, the hackers' ability to wreak havoc increases too. Suspicion often turns to Russia, China or North Korea in the aftermath of a major cyberattack, but Western states are no longer shying away from the use of "cyberweapons" in the battle for global influence. To coincide with NATO's international conference on cyberconflict, AFP is publishing a multimedia series of stories on cybersecurity over two days. In this second part, we are offering the following: + 'World's leading bank robbers': North Korea's hacker army + As Covid cases rose, so did hospital hacks in France + Could US stock exchanges be hackers' next target? IT-security-NKorea-US-diplomacy,FOCUS SEOUL Nuclear-armed North Korea is advancing on the front lines of cyberwarfare, analysts say, stealing billions of dollars and presenting a clearer and more present danger than its banned weapons programmes. 850 words by Sunghee Hwang. File picture. Video IT-security-France-ransomware-crime- health,FOCUS DAX, France At 2:00 a.m. on a day in early February, the deputy director of the main hospital in the southwestern French town of Dax took an urgent call from a normally unflappable colleague in the IT department. 850 words by Adam Plowright. File picture IT-security-US-hacking-markets,FOCUS NEW YORK The cyberattack against Colonial Pipeline that paralyzed fuel supply to part of the United States in May sent a shudder through the US finance sector -- with stock exchanges well aware they could be next in line to be targeted by hackers. 700 words by Daniel Hoffman IT-security-crime-espionage-defence,FOCUS PARIS A series of high-profile cyberattacks on targets in the West have highlighted the vulnerability of companies and institutions, making the issue a public priority but with no easy solution. 700 words by Didier Lauras IT-security-Russia-diplomacy-hacking,FACTS MOSCOW Over the years, Moscow has faced numerous allegations of cyberattacks that resulted in multiple sanctions and the expulsion of its diplomats. The term "hacker" has almost become synonymous with Russia. 750 words. File picture IT-security-US-cyber-defense,FOCUS WASHINGTON If the Pentagon's Cyber Command launches an online attack and nobody knows about it, does it deter anyone? Many Americans are asking what the country's army of cyber warriors are doing after repeated attacks on US computer systems by Chinese, Russian and other hackers. 750 words by Paul Handley IT-security-cyberattacks,FACTS PARIS From paralysing the internet in Estonia to a $4.4-million ransom being paid after the shutdown of a major US pipeline, here's a look back at 15 years of cyberattacks. 700 words. Graphic afp
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