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| - Just two years after the jubilation of independence in 2011, South Sudan plunged into a deadly civil war that claimed hundreds of thousands of lives and uprooted millions. Here is a look back. On July 9, 2011 South Sudan proclaims independence from northern Sudan following six years of autonomy and two decades of bloody war. The president is Salva Kiir, with Riek Machar as his deputy. From different ethnic groups, they are rivals but also leaders in the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) that led the push for independence. The new South Sudan takes over three-quarters of the oil reserves in Sudan which retains control of all pipeline and export facilities. Other thorny issues are the tracing of their common border and the status of disputed regions such as Abyei. The countries clash between March to May 2012 over rights to the oil fields around Heglig, a town just inside Sudan. South Sudanese troops briefly occupy the area, which accounts for half of Sudan's crude oil production. Arguments erupt over pipeline transit costs and Sudan confiscates millions of barrels of South Sudan crude. South Sudan halts its production in January for more than a year, accusing Khartoum of theft. On July 23, 2013 Kiir fires Machar as well as all government ministers, their deputies and several police brigadiers. On December 6, Machar accuses Kiir of "dictatorial" behaviour. After a night of fighting in Juba, Kiir says on December 16 his forces had thwarted an attempted coup by Machar, who denies the claim. Rival army units clash in Juba. The fighting spreads beyond the capital, fuelled by rivalries between Kiir's Dinka group and Machar's Nuer. It sets off retaliatory massacres that turn into six years of war. Machar and Kiir sign a peace accord in August 2015 that provides for Machar's reappointment as vice president. He returns to Juba and is sworn in on April 26, 2016. But fighting between supporters of both leaders breaks out again in July. Machar goes into exile, accusing Kiir of trying to have him killed. He is replaced as vice president. On June 20, 2018 Kiir and Machar meet for the first time in two years. On September 12, they sign a new peace agreement to end five years of war that has killed more than 380,000 and forced roughly four million people from their homes. It paves the way for a power-sharing government to be installed on May 12 with Machar again vice president. Days before the deadline, they agree to a delay until November 12 because of outstanding differences. On November 7 they extend the deadline by another 100 days. Sticking points include the carving out of state boundaries, creation of a unified national army and protection for Machar. On February 22, Machar is finally sworn-in as first vice president after he and his rival agree to move forward with a unity government and deal with some of the stickier issues later. ang-eab/br/jmy/fb/bmm
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